I-Face Mask Debate Yembula Isayensi Ejwayelekile Yesayensi

Ingxoxo-mpikiswano yasendulo neyemuva — nokuguqulwa kwenqubomgomo-ukusetshenziswa kwamaski wobuso ukuvimbela ukusakazeka kwe-Covid-19 kwembula indinganiso ephindwe kabili. Ngasizathu simbe, besilapha le ndaba eyodwa yezempilo yomphakathi ngendlela ehlukile. Asiboni i-op-ed ebuza ukuthi ngabe abantu badinga ngempela yini ukugcina izinyawo eziyisithupha kude komunye nomunye emgwaqweni, ngokungafani nezinyawo ezi-3, noma okuphonsa ukungabaza kokuthi kuwumqondo omuhle yini lowo ukukhuthaza izindlela zokuphathana ngezandla eziwukuthi Imizuzwana engama-20 ubude. Kepha uma kukhulunywa ngokumboza ubuso bethu, kufakwe isazi se-hyper-rigor. Emavikini asanda kwedlula, ochwepheshe bahlabe ukuqwashisa-noma bakwenqabele ukusetshenziswa kwamaski ngumphakathi jikelele-njengoba bebenxusa ubufakazi obungcono, obunqumayo. Ngani?

Baqinisile, iqiniso ukuthi izincwadi zokucwaninga zokusetshenziswa kwe-maski azinikezi zimpendulo ezichazayo. Azikho izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezinkulu ezifakazela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa komuntu siqu komamaski kungavimbela ukusakazeka kobhubhane futhi lezo ezibheka imaskhi nomkhuhlane zikhiqize imiphumela yokulingana. Kepha lokhu ukushaywa kobufakazi akusitsheli okuningi, noma ngabe ikuphi: Ukuhlolwa akubonisi ukuthi imaski ilusizo, nokuthi ayingozi noma ukuchitha isikhathi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izifundo bezimbalwa ngenombolo futhi zinezinkinga zendlela.

Thatha, ngokwesibonelo, isivivinyo esikhulu sokungahleliwe sokusetshenziswa kwemaskhi phakathi kwabafundi basekolishi laseMelika ngesizini yomkhuhlane we-2006-07. Ukwehliswa kokugula phakathi kwalabo abagqoke imaski yobuso kulolo cwaningo bekungekhona okubalulekile. Kepha ngoba ucwaningo lwenziwa phakathi nesikhathi esaba yisikhathi somkhuhlane, icala lalingenawo amandla ezibalo zalowo mbuzo; bebengekho abantu abagulayo abanele abacwaningi ukuthola ukuthi ngabe ukugqoka amaski kuthuthukisiwe yini ekuhlanzweni ngesandla kuphela. Behluleka nokucacisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi abafundi base bethelelekile ngaphambi kokuqala kwecala.

Noma thatha olunye ucwaningo lwesizini lomkhuhlane ofanayo, kulokhu e-Australia, engatholanga mphumela. Lowo wabheka abantu abadala abahlala nezingane ezinomkhuhlane. Ngaphansi kwengxenye yabantu abahleliwe ngokungemthetho eqenjini lalabo abagqoka imaskhi okubikwa ukuthi babasebenzisa kakhulu “sonke lesi sikhathi.” Empeleni, babevame ukulala eduze kwezingane zabo ezigulayo ngaphandle kwabo. Lokhu kufana ncamashi nombuzo wokuthi kufanele ugqoke imaskhi phakathi kwabantu ongabazi esitolo sokudla phakathi kwesifo esiwubhadane.

Kepha nansi into: Umuntu angenza izikhalazo ezifanayo mayelana nobufakazi obuxhasa ukusetshenziselwa kwemaski nabasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ngenkathi wonke umuntu evuma ukuthi lo mkhuba ubaluleke ngokuphelele ezibhedlela nasemitholampilo, lokho akungenxa yokuthi sinobufakazi obukholisayo obuvela ezivivinyweni ezingahleliwe. Izilingo ezimbalwa zomtholampilo esinazo zokusebenzisa imaski zabasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwezempilo ukuvimbela umkhuhlane awukhombisi umphumela ocacile; futhi abakwazi nokuthi bakhombise ukuthi abagqugquzeli abasebenza kakhulu be-N95 basebenza kangcono kunamamaski wokuhlinzwa. Lezo zilingo nazo azilungile. Isibonelo, omunye uvivinye ukusebenza kwemaski wezindwangu ngokuqhathanisa nabasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo ababebagqoka nalabo abagqoka imaski yokuhlinzwa noma i-respirators, kanye neqembu lokulawula elilandela “umkhuba ojwayelekile” esibhedlela. Kwavela ukuthi iningi labasebenzi eqenjini elilawulayo beligqoke imaski yokuhlinzwa, ngakho-ke lolu cwaningo aluzange lukhombise ngempela ukuthi imaskhi yendwangu ibingcono (noma imbi kakhulu) kunokungafaki imaski nhlobo.

Impela, isisekelo sesayensi yabasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo abasebenzisa imaski akuveli ekuhlolweni komtholampilo ngokuqubuka komkhuhlane noma ubhubhane. Kuvela ekuqanjweni kwelebhu okubonisa ukuthi amamaski angavimbela izinhlayiya zegciwane ukuthi zingapheli — okungenani umbhangqwana owodwa walezo zifundo-nasezifundweni zokulawulwa kwamacala ngesikhathi sodlame lwango-2003 lwe-coronavirus olwabangela iSARS. Lezo zifundo zakwa-SARS bezingagcini kubasebenzi bezokunakekelwa kwempilo.

Kuyiqiniso ukuthi abasebenzi bezempilo noma abanye abantu ababhekele abantu abagula yi-Covid-19 bavulelwa amazinga aphezulu kakhulu e-coronavirus kunanoma ngubani omunye. Ngokwesimo sokushoda kwe-maski, ngokusobala banebango eliphambili lokufinyelela. Kepha lokho akusona isizathu sokusho ukuthi akukho ukwesekwa kokusetshenziswa kwamasks yiwo wonke umuntu. Ngemuva kwakho konke, azikho izivivinyo zomtholampilo ezifakazela ukuthi ibanga lezinyawo eziyi-6 livimbela ukutheleleka, ngokwazi kwethu. (I-World Health Organization itusa kuphela ukuhlukaniswa okungamamitha ama-3.) Futhi izivivinyo zomtholampilo azikufakazeli ukuthi ukugeza izandla imizuzwana engama-20 kuphakeme ukwenza njalo imizuzwana eyi-10 uma kufikwa ekunciphiseni ukusakazeka kwezifo ebhubhaneni lesifo sokuphefumula. Isisekelo sesayensi salelo seluleko esenziwe ngesandla se-20-yesibili esivela ema-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sitholakala ezifundweni zaselebhu ezilinganisa igciwane ezandleni ngemuva kwezikhathi ezihlukene zokugeza.

Ngakho-ke wawungubani umthombo walesi silinganiso esiphindwe kabili maqondana nemaski wobuso — futhi kungani ekugcineni sehlisiwe?

Ngicabanga ukuthi kungenxa yokuthi silibukele phansi ngokungaguquki leli gciwane, ngenkathi silingisa amandla ethu okubhekana nalo. UMiao Hua, ongudokotela wezifo zezempilo ophinde abe ngudokotela wesibhedlela saseMount Sinai eNew York City, uthuswe umehluko umehluko ekubonakaleni kokulawulwa kwezifo eMelika uma kuqhathaniswa noWuhan. E-China, wabhala emavikini ambalwa edlule, ukusakazeka ngaphakathi ezibhedlela kwawususa ngokushesha umbono wokuthi amasu okuqapha okujwayelekile azokwanela ukumisa le coronavirus entsha. Lokhu abebekuzwa bekuvela eChina bekungasasebenzi, uthe, futhi okubakhathaza kakhulu yingoba "ukuhluleka komphakathi wezokwelapha waseMelika ukubhalisa ngobunye bomlando weCovid-19".

Ukushintshwa kwenqubomgomo ye-CDC yakamuva ekusekeleni imaski kubonisa ukuthi lokhu kuvunywa kwesikhathi eside kungenzeka sekwenziwe. Isitatimende sale nhlangano sibonisa ushintsho ekuqokeleleni ubufakazi bokuthi lesi sifo asidluliswanga ngendlela efanayo nomkhuhlane: ukuthi abantu bangathathelana futhi banesifo sofuba, nokuthi leli gciwane lingasakazwa ngokukhuluma, nangokukhwehlela, ukuthuthumela nokuxhumana izindawo ezingcolisiwe.

Ngicabanga ukuthi ukungabaza ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa komamaski ngumphakathi ojwayelekile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwensizakalo ephindwe kabili kobufakazi obusekelayo, futhi kuqhutshwe nokukhathazeka ngokuthi abantu bazohluleka yini ukusebenzisa imaski ngaphandle kokuzingcolisa. Noma ukuthi imaski izonikeza umqondo wamanga wokuphepha, okuholele ekunciphiseni ukunqunyelwa ekuhlaleni noma ezinye izindlela. Ukuxhumana okusebenzayo kubalulekile kulokhu, njengoba bekulokhu kuyindlela yokwenza izandla kahle. UStella Quah, isazi sezenhlalo e-University of Singapore, ufunde ngezenhlalo mayelana nobhubhane lwe-SARS eSingapore, lapho umkhankaso wezempilo womphakathi ubandakanya imfundo mayelana nokuhlanzeka kwezandla, kanye nokuthatha amazinga okushisa nokusebenzisa okufanele imaski yobuso. I-CDC isibuyisele emuva ukuqondiswa kwemaski kobuso bayo ngoLwesihlanu olwedlule, bese ithumela izeluleko ezithile ezilinganiselwe zokuthi ungazigqoka kanjani futhi uzisuse kanjani, kanye nemiyalo yokwenza ezakho ngokuhlanganiswa kwezihlungi zebhanana nezekhofi.

Imfundo ethe xaxa kunalokho izodingeka, kepha uma zonke lezo zithombe esizibona ku-TV zabantu zinamaskandi zingafiki emakhaleni noma ezindlini zazo zingadlula yonke into. Umlando wakamuva ubambe isifundo esifanayo. Ngemuva kweSiphepho uKatrina, abaphakamisi banconyelwa noma ngubani owenza umsebenzi wokulungisa isikhunta eNew Orleans. Ucwaningo lokuthi lusebenze kanjani isampula lokungahleliwe lwabahlali abangama-538 bakhombise isidingo semfundo: Amaphesenti angama-24 kuphela ayebagqoke kahle, futhi bebevame ukuba ngabantu ababekade beyisebenzisa; Okwamanje amaphesenti angama-22 abantu agqoke izivimbamzimba zabo zibheke phansi. Ababhali balolo cwaningo baphethe ngokuthi: "Ukungenelela ukwenza ngcono ukunikela ngemiphefumulo kufanele kubhekwe ekuhleleni noma ekubhebhethekiseni ubhubhane kanye nezinhlekelele." Ucwaningo lwango-2014 eWuhan lwathola ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okufanele kweziphefumula kwabasebenzi abangazinakekeli ezempilo bekuphakeme impela ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa.

Ingabe ukusetshenziswa okubanzi (futhi kufanele) kwamaski kwenziwe umehluko lapho igciwane liphunyuke khona kokuqukethwe? Ucwaningo lwango-2018 olwenziwe nguJin Yan kanye nozakwabo base-US Food and Drug Administration bakha imodeli ngokususelwa kokucatshangelwa kwedatha yaselebhu. Baphethe ngokuthi uma kungamaphesenti ama-20 abantu abasebenzisa imaski, lokho ngeke kwenze mehluko ekusakazekeni komkhuhlane. Ngokuhambisana namaphesenti angama-50, noma kusetshenziswe imaski yokuhlunga ephezulu kakhulu, umphumela ungaba mkhulu. Lokho kungumphumela wethiyori, futhi Siyazi ukuthi ukuqubuka kweCovid-19 kuhlale kufakwe ezindaweni ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa okubanzi kwamaski. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho ukuqubuka kungalawuleki, noma umnikelo omncane ubalulekile.

Ekugcineni, kunzima ukubalekela izinsolo zokuthi imilinganiselo ephindwe kabili mayelana nemasks ihlobene kancane nesayensi kunomehluko emasikweni wokuthi siphendula kanjani kwizifo eziwubhadane. Umehluko ubonakele kusukela okungenani ubhubhane lokuqala lwe-coronavirus, i-SARS, olushintshe isimo sengqondo nokuziphatha okuzungeze impilo yomphakathi e-Asia. Akukhulunywa ngamaski nje kuphela: Amazwe angewona awase-Asia nawo aziphathe ngendlela ehlukile ekuhloleni amazinga okushisa kwabantu noma okhipha amagciwane ezindaweni zomphakathi. Akukho okusha mayelana nalokhu kuthambekela, noma kunjalo. Sivame ukucela ubufakazi obukhethekile uma umkhuba ungahambisani nemibono yethu esele yenziwe. Lokho, ngeshwa, kuvame kakhulu; futhi ososayensi abavikelekile kuwo.

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Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-09-2020